Английский язык для ландшафта

СЛОВА, ОПИСЫВАЮЩИЕ ЛАНДШАФТ:

1

canal

2

pond

3

plain

4

marsh

5

isthmus

6

swamp

7

forest

8

cliff

9

island

10

archipelago

11

cove

12

prairie

13

beach

14

peninsula

15

dune

16

desert

17

mesa

18

oasis

19

river

20

delta

21

lagoon

22

jungle

23

cave

24

canyon

25

plateau

26

bay

27

field

28

valley

29

lake

30

cape

31

hill

32

sea

33

geyser

34

tundra

35

stream

36

iceberg

36

fjord

38

ocean

39

waterfall

40

glacier

41

tundra

42

volcano

43

mountain

Все комплекты тематических карточек, Irregular Verbs, Phrasal Verbs, TOEFL, ЕГЭ и ГИА слова, Topics и т.д.

Поиск репетитора

Умею найти нужный подход к каждому ученику независимо от возраста и языковой подготовки.

В зависимости от уровня подготовки и целей подбираю максимально эффективную методику обучения. Мои занятия нацелены на результат.

За полгода вывожу ученика начального уровня на уровень уверенного общения, свободного выражения своих мыслей. Специализируюсь на экспресс-методах обучения.

Источник статьи: http://your-teachers.ru/emotions/opisanie-landshafta

Английский язык для студентов, изучающих Садово-парковое и ландшафтное строительство
методическая разработка по английскому языку по теме

Данная методическая разработка предназначается студентам 3-4 курсов средних профессиональных образовательных учреждений, изучающих садово-парковое и ландшафтное строительство.

Цель методической разработки – подготовить студентов к самостоятельному чтению и пониманию английской литературы и к устному общению на английском языке в пределах изучаемой тематики.

Методическая разработка построена на текстах, насыщенных садово-парковой лексикой. Такие тексты повышают интерес студентов к изучению языка и способствуют лучшему усвоению материала. Кроме того, они дают больше возможностей для разговорной речи.

Методическая разработка построена по тематическому принципу и включает 3 раздела, охватывающие основные области садово-паркового ландшафтного строительства. Каждый раздел содержит два текста (раздел «Садоводство» — три текста) и рассчитан примерно на 8-10 академических часов. Каждый раздел имеет активный словарь, включающий садово-парковую лексику текстов, а также дополнительные слова, рекомендуемые для активного усвоения.

Упражнения делятся на лексические, грамматические и речевые. Ряд упражнений может быть использован для самостоятельной работы студентов дома.

Теория грамматики вводиться преподавателем или самостоятельно изучается студентами по имеющимся грамматическим справочникам и учебникам. Грамматику следует вводить и первично закреплять до чтения текстов.

Для перевода текстов общеязыковой лексики студенты должны пользоваться имеющимися словарями. При переводе текстов в аудитории желательно развивать языковую догадку учащихся. Ряд текстов, содержащих более 75% знакомой лексики, можно давать для чтения на общий охват содержания без использования словаря.

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ДЕПАРТАМЕНТ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ГОРОДА МОСКВЫ

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное

образовательное учреждение города Москвы

«Московский колледж архитектуры и градостроительства»
(ГБПОУ «МКАГ»)

«Английский язык для студентов, изучающих Садово-парковое и ландшафтное строительство»

Предметно-цикловой комиссией общеобразовательных дисциплин и физической культуры -1

«____» _________ 2016 г.

Автор: О. В. Матвеева

Составлена в соответствии с

Федерального компонента государственного стандарта общего образования по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» ______,

Заместитель директора по учебной работе:

_________ Е. В. Алдошина

«_____»______________ 2016 г.

Section 1. Plants and flowers

THE NATIONAL EMBLEMS OF GREAT BRITAIN

Section 2. Gardening

THE HISTORY OF GARDENING AND THE EGYPTIAN GARDENS

NIKITSKY BOTANICAL GARDEN

BOTANICAL GARDEN OF MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY

Section 3. Landscape design

THE PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

Данная методическая разработка предназначается студентам 3-4 курсов средних профессиональных образовательных учреждений, изучающих садово-парковое и ландшафтное строительство.

Цель методической разработки – подготовить студентов к самостоятельному чтению и пониманию английской литературы и к устному общению на английском языке в пределах изучаемой тематики.

Методическая разработка построена на текстах, насыщенных садово-парковой лексикой. Такие тексты повышают интерес студентов к изучению языка и способствуют лучшему усвоению материала. Кроме того, они дают больше возможностей для разговорной речи.

Методическая разработка построена по тематическому принципу и включает 3 раздела, охватывающие основные области садово-паркового ландшафтного строительства. Каждый раздел содержит два текста (раздел «Садоводство» — три текста) и рассчитан примерно на 8-10 академических часов. Каждый раздел имеет активный словарь, включающий садово-парковую лексику текстов, а также дополнительные слова, рекомендуемые для активного усвоения.

Упражнения делятся на лексические, грамматические и речевые. Ряд упражнений может быть использован для самостоятельной работы студентов дома.

Теория грамматики вводиться преподавателем или самостоятельно изучается студентами по имеющимся грамматическим справочникам и учебникам. Грамматику следует вводить и первично закреплять до чтения текстов.

Для перевода текстов общеязыковой лексики студенты должны пользоваться имеющимися словарями. При переводе текстов в аудитории желательно развивать языковую догадку учащихся. Ряд текстов, содержащих более 75% знакомой лексики, можно давать для чтения на общий охват содержания без использования словаря.

Умение работать с литературой по специальности следует рассматривать как базовое при осуществлении любой профессиональной деятельности. Этим объясняется тот факт, что обучение студентов средних профессиональных образовательных учреждений чтению должно рассматриваться в качестве основной цели обучения, а чтение на иностранном языке как ведущий вид речевой деятельности.

В данной методической разработке представлены разнообразные тексты и система упражнений на развитие у студентов навыков основных видов чтения: изучающего, ознакомительного, просмотрового и поискового.

Целевая установка каждого вида чтения определяет направленность учебных заданий. Так, учебные задания к текстам для просмотрового чтения направлены на формирование умения ориентироваться в логико-смысловой структуре текста, а также использовать информацию текста в соответствии с определенными коммуникативными задачами.

Изучающее чтение направлено на формирование умения полного и точного понимания всей содержащейся в тексте информации.

Ознакомительное чтение предполагает развитие умения быстрого ознакомления с содержанием всего текста и извлечения из него основной информации. Наконец, поисковое чтение ориентировано на умение быстро найти в тексте определенные данные и является сопутствующим компонентом других видов чтения. Таким образом, чтение как базовое умение определяет по существу систему всех упражнений методической разработки и ее построение в целом.

Такая система обучения чтению ориентирована, в первую очередь, на выработку у студентов коммуникативной компетенции, необходимой для их будущей профессиональной деятельности.

Конечная цель обучения устной речи в неязыковых средних профессиональных образовательных учреждениях – научить будущих специалистов высказываться по темам специальности, предусмотренным действующей программой по иностранным языкам.

Следует отметить, что система речевых упражнений, представленная в методической разработке, предусматривает обучение коммуникации, т.е. умению соотносить средства языка с целью и спецификой обучения, в частности в области будущей профессиональной деятельности студентов.

В упражнениях такого типа отрабатываются следующие виды языковой деятельности:

• правильное построение предложений;
• отбор языковых средств по ситуации общения;
• логическое построение высказываний;
• адекватное использование средств смысловой связи;
• использование лексико-грамматических средств для выражения мысли и логики ее развития.

Формирование специалиста нового типа, обладающего способностью к самостоятельной творческой деятельности и высокой профессиональной квалификацией, невозможно без целенаправленной организации самостоятельной работы обучаемого по всем видам речевой деятельности.

Развитие творческих начал возможно только в условиях учебного процесса, целенаправленно активизирующего самостоятельную деятельность студентов, а достижение высокого уровня квалификации будущего специалиста можно обеспечить, вооружив студента навыками самостоятельной работы.

Самостоятельная работа является неотъемлемой частью системы учебного процесса и наиболее эффективным средством развития познавательной деятельности студентов и формирования самостоятельности. В общем виде самостоятельная работа студентов представляет собой систему действий, которые в соответствии с учебной задачей и темой и с опорой на способности, опыт и знания преобразуют учебный материал с целью расширения и углубления опыта и знаний, формирования и развития познавательных способностей.

Методическая разработка предназначена для студентов второго уровня обучения, на котором самостоятельная работа студентов представляет собой взаимосвязанный блок аудиторной и внеаудиторной работы с некоторым преобладаем первой.

Поскольку чтение – это вид речевой деятельности, в котором можно практиковаться самостоятельно, формирование и развитие навыков и умений чтения может и должно осуществляться самостоятельно (после сравнительно небольшой практики с преподавателем).

Обучение студентов самостоятельной работе предполагает привитие им навыка извлечения из текста значительной информации наиболее рациональными путями и способами. Причем контроль понимания прочитанного имеет не только проверочную форму, но и обучающую функцию. Он является эффективным средством усвоения языкового материала и формирования речевых навыков и умений, так как выполнение контрольных заданий заставляет студента неоднократно обращаться к тексту.

Источник статьи: http://nsportal.ru/shkola/inostrannye-yazyki/angliiskiy-yazyk/library/2014/12/23/angliyskiy-yazyk-dlya-studentov

Сборник текстов по английскому языку по специальности «Садово-парковое и ландшафтное строительство»

Подойдёт и взрослым и детям

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Краснобаковский лесной колледж»

по английскому языку

по специальности 250109

«Садово-парковое и ландшафтное строительство»

на заседании ПЦК « Общеобразовательных, социально-экономических, гуманитарных и естественно-научных дисциплин »

методическим советом ГБПОУ

Председатель _________ ____________

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов специальности «Садово-парковое и ландшафтное строительство» по дисциплине «Английский язык». Материал представлен для изучения и закрепления специальной лексики будущих специалистов. В пособие включены такие темы как «Ландшафтный дизайн», «Ландшафтная растительность», «Экология»» и др.

Разработала: Воронина М.В., преподаватель английского языка ГБПОУ НО КБЛК

Раздел I . Ландшафтный дизайн

1. Ландшафтный дизайн

2. Дизайн сегодня

3. Ландшафтный дизайнер

4. Диалог с дизайнером

5. Ландшафтное освещение

6. Садовые водоёмы

7. Разновидности газонов

8. Уход и обслуживание газонов

9. Садовые изгороди

10. Садовые конструкции

11. Садовые дорожки

13. Теплица, её функции

14. Ландшафтный дизайн на участке

15. Ландшафтное проектирование

Раздел II. Ландшафтная растительность

1. Деревья и кустарники

2. Классификация цветочных культур

3. Циклы роста цветов

4. Как построить цветник у деревьев

5. Как построить клумбу

Раздел III . Экология

1. Водные ресурсы

2. Лесные пожары

3. Защита окружающей среды

4. Вредители насаждений

Раздел I . Ландшафтный дизайн

Landscape design

Landscape design is an independent profession and a design and art tradition, practiced by landscape designers, combining nature and culture. In contemporary practice landscape design bridges between landscape architecture and garden design.

Landscape designs focuses on both the integrated master landscape planning of a property and the specific garden design of landscape elements and plants within it. The practical, aesthetic, horticultural, and environmental sustainability components merit Landscape design inclusion. It is often divided into hardscape design and softscape design.

Softscape comprises the animate, horticultural elements of landscape design, i.e. plants. Softscape elements are complemented by hardscape design elements, such as stone walls, tile patios and brick walkways. Hardscape, or «hardscaping» consists of the inanimate elements of landscaping, especially any masonry work or woodwork. For instance, stone walls, concrete or brick patios, tile paths, wooden decks and wooden arbors would all be considered part of the hardscape. But anything used in landscaping that is not part of the softscape can be considered a hardscape element, including home accents such as water fountains and even pink flamingoes.

Ideally, a well-designed landscape incorporates a balance between hardscaping and softscaping.

Can be thought of as «hard,» yet movable, parts of the landscape, like gravel, paving and stones, etc.

They are inanimate objects.

Solid and unchanging.

Other examples of hardscape include walkways, retaining walls, pavers for paths or patios, outdoor kitchens, water features, gazebos, decks and driveways.

Can be natural, like stone, or man-made, like an outdoor structure or a planter.

Hardscape materials have different effects on the environment. Pavement, which is hardscaping, prevents water from soaking into the soil, thus increasing runoff, which can carry contaminants into streams. Porous materials allow water to soak into the soil.

A shrub is not hardscape.

«Soft» horticultural (living, growing) components of the landscape. These might include flowers, trees, shrubs, groundcovers, etc.

Change and evolve constantly, as they grow and adapt to climate and other conditions.

Are softer to the touch, quite literally. Think about touching the leaves of a tree or perennial, or blades of grass. They are soft , not hard.

A brick wall is not softscape.

Landscape designers often collaborate with related disciplines such as architecture and geography, soils and civil engineering, surveying, landscape contracting, botany, and artisan specialties. There can be significant overlap of talents and skills, depending on the education, licensing, and experience of the professional. Both landscape designers and landscape architects practice landscape design.

Landscape design today

Nowadays many city-dwellers aim to buy out-of-town realty as a place of permanent residency or a place to go on weekends. The man has always been drawn by nature. Due to this fact landscape design and landscape gardening become more and more popular.

That is landscape design what helps to solve the whole complex of problems and create atmosphere of comfort around you. The owner of the land lot should take an active part in landscape designing.

Landscape design project jointly worked out by specialists and the client creates feeling of comfort and closeness to nature.

Technique of landscape design is determined first of all by natural constituent. Climate influences the choice of plants. Relief determines architectural designing decisions of the land lot.

Landscape is formed due to multiplicity of nature and difference in relief structure. Investigation of geomorphological basis of the land lot and estimation of its change possibilities is an obligatory stage of landscape engineering.

That is why a detailed landscape analysis of the land lot should be held at the state of creation of the project. The Analysis includes detailed investigation of all landscape constituents located on the elaborated territory and bordering territory.

In course of the analysis flora of the elaborated land lot is investigated. Landscape engineering should be held after all necessary investigations have been completed.

Landscape designing is an entire set of arrangements which include accomplishment, gardening. Natural materials such as stone, plants, ponds and modern technical achievements such as illumination and pouring and drainage system are used.

The project for the land lot should be elaborated according to the law of nature but the space — according to the law of architecture.

Three principle rules of colour harmony are used in landscape designing. These rules will help you to create a plant composition.

Any colour against the contrasting background seems more saturated, composition of contrasting colours will make the picture more saturated.

Some colours, if combined with each other, look less saturated, the closer colours are within the colour circle the less saturated their composition is.

The stronger the difference in brightness and saturation the stronger the contrast is.

For example, against red background orange looks yellow, yellow becomes more green and green seems more blue. Against the bright green background red and blue colours obtain violet tint, yellow becomes closer to orange.

To turn a land lot overgrown with wild plants into a cozy garden designed in a definite style in accordance with taste and preference of its owner that is the aim of landscape design. There are many variants of landscape design. Choice of variant depends on different factors such as nature of the ground, region traditions, taste and financial possibilities of the client. There is no and there cannot be two identical land lots. Each one is an exclusive masterpiece created in accordance with taste of the client.

A landscape designer

A landscape designer help to come up with a plan for the outdoor spaces. Such a plan include design treatments for plant materials as well as hardscapes and structures. Landscape designers have knowledge of both horticulture and landscape construction materials, thus equipping them to generate creative ideas for a yard and plan the layout of plants and features.

Many landscape designers manage a landscaping project from design to completion. They also work with local contractors. Designers typically have a vast knowledge of resources in the area. Clarify with your designer that they are indeed willing to manage the construction for you. Some larger, more established design companies may handle design and construction in house. Design/Build companies like this employ their own construction crews.

There are no certification or education requirements to become a landscape designer. However, many designers do hold degrees or certificates. This means that you will need to do your research on any designer you are considering. Ask to see landscape plan samples and photos of their previous designs. You may even ask for references to call.

Dialogue with professional landscape designer, Paul Corsetti

Q. What’s your impression of online programs geared to someone who wants to become a landscape designer but who isn’t able to attend school full-time?

A. I think that as long as the program being taught is based on solid knowledge of landscape design, it is a great start for the theory of design. A good program should be hands-on to teach students by doing actual projects, rather than to read and research how others did their work.

Q. What kinds of skills should someone looking to become a landscape designer particularly focus on honing while «working their way up,» be it in school or on related jobs?

A. I’d recommend focusing on acquiring a wide range of abilities. Learning your plants and how to work with difficult soils is crucial if you want to become a landscape designer. One needs to recognize what type of soil you are designing gardens for. If no thought is put there, you may have a failed garden and a bad reputation in a few years. When working in the construction end of things, a landscape designer should make notes on material quantities, installation practices and any difficulties encountered. A landscape designer may have a wild imagination and excellent creativity, but when you design boulders to be placed in a yard where they have to be craned in over the house, the client will ask some serious financial questions!

Another thought is to make notes of how long it takes to do certain jobs. I often get asked how long the construction time frame would be to realize my designs. A good landscape designer should almost think like a contractor when designing… knowing how a construction job will function and knowing when to spot that a contractor is at his limit of labor skills, which might hinder your project. Is your design too difficult to construct or did you find the wrong contractor? That should be a question you can easily answer as a landscape designer. When the landscape designer looks for ways to make a job go smoother for the contractor, easier on a client’s budget and still achieve a fantastic looking landscape, that landscape designer will get more referrals for future work. When the design is difficult and the landscape designer becomes even more difficult, your phone may not ring so often.

While many of us are working hard and putting in long hours on the job, we often don’t get a chance to see our homes until after dark. Soft lighting in a dark outdoor environment is nothing short of magic. It provides a warm, inviting ambiance that beckons us outdoors. It creates mood, romance, and drama. It adds interest and intrigue to any setting. A growing number of homeowners are capturing this magic in their gardens through «nightscaping,» one of the hottest trends in outdoor home improvement today.

Lighting can be one of the most important aspects of landscape and hardscape design, yet it is often overlooked or underdone. Proper outdoor lighting design allows you to highlight focal points and hide eyes ores. It can also be used to enhance safety and security, to accent special trees or plantings, and to create a festive atmosphere for outdoor entertaining.

Landscape lights also serve a number of needs, from letting you walk safely down a flagstone path at night, to giving you a place to spend time with your family after school and work. Outdoor lights even deter burglars and reduce crime. Yet for homeowners, choosing which areas to light can be a challenge. Here, landscape professionals share their expert tips for lighting different areas of the landscape. If you’re planning for lighting in your landscape, this section will give you a better understanding of what to expect when landscape lights are installed, where the best places are to put lights, how to create effects with lights, and much more.

Landscape lighting is more than just shining some direct light at a walkway or up a tree. Not only are there techniques and methods for creating ambiance with lights, but some contractors even prefer to accent the architecture of the home rather than the trees or walkways or patio areas.

Garden reservoir and pond

Garden reservoir and pond – these artificial garden constructions have existed since ancient times. Today no one plot of land can manage without Garden pond or reservoir. Every garden pond or reservoir is a dominant of a well-planned landscape design. The area near the garden pond or reservoir is to be separated from another territory.

Garden pond or reservoir is to be constructed and situated on the expose area, defended from strong winds. Straight sunlight can be fallen down into a garden pond or reservoir not more than 6 hours a day. Construction of your garden pond or reservoir is to situate in a slight shade. There is no reason for constructing a garden pond or reservoir under the trees crown: leaves will fall down into garden pond or reservoir and roots can destroy the bottom of the construction.

It is more preferable form of the construction of garden pond or reservoir is round. Because rubbish is often gathered in the corners of square water garden constructions.

Cascade, stream, decorated with rocks are well fitted for the garden pond or reservoir. The area around garden pond or reservoir can be decorated with Iris, Hemerocallis, Astilbe and other landscape plants.

Rocks in a garden near garden constructions have attracted attention of people since ancient times. There is a philosophical doctrine about garden rocks. Japanese confirm that the viewing of rocks in a garden gets an opportunity to get to know oneself, to avoid of fuss, to reduce stress.

What is the secret of the attracting people for rocks in a garden? Probably, just now a person needs getting in contact with nature more than recently. Genetic memory of people instinctively is stretching out towards rocks in a garden, at which nature worked for millions of years. This fact explains the significance of rocks in a garden for a person.

Landscape design is not only for outdoor territories, but for interior too. Interior landscape design for home and office create really comfortable atmosphere of your environment.

There is an element that combines small front gardens as well as large country estates and town districts. You can find it in regular front parks and in irregular natural gardens. This element is a lawn . It is impossible to locate only trees and flowerbeds. There should be a connecting link between all these elements. Moreover, a lawn fulfils this function at the same time being a main surfacing of a free space. However, it would not be deserved to consider a lawn as a subsidiary element. It can be a very beautiful object of landscaping. It can gladden your eye with its emerald greenery from early spring till late autumn. It can also be a playground if you chose a certain mix of herbs. At last a lawn can be used as a strengthening element when arranging a slope which can be planted practically only with grass.

Grassy lawn is a most widespread lawn. It represents a lot sown with herbs, which form a dense turf. Changing a composition of herbs, you can adapt your lawn for shadow or sunny lots, for damp or dry soil. You can even made it steady to trampling. In any case, a grassy lawn needs regular cutting, adding fertilizers, and working up with herbicides or weeding in order to protect it from not cereals. The grassy lawns can be divided into following kinds depending on composition of used herbs and the degree of well grimness.

A classical (top-quality) lawn has a decorative function. Its features are an emerald greenery and flat surfacing that does not bear any trampling. Low narrow-leaved (angustifoliate) cereals are used for arranging such lawns. For example, different kinds of spear grass (agrostis), poi, festuca can format a classical lawn. The soil should be rich fed with fertilizers and properly smoothed out because even tiny knolls and holes will be well seen at the surfacing of such a lawn. The lawn needs low and regular mowing, at least once a week. Being cut properly and groomed well a classical lawn looks wonderful. It is usually arranged in front of the estate and in the main areas where you can admire it but not to trample.

A first-quality (ordinary) lawn allows not only to admire it but also to trample. Of course, it cannot bear any comparison with a groomed classical lawn by its appearance but it is less capricious and simpler in arranging and maintenance. The composition of herbs for a first-quality lawn should contain raygrass (lolium perrene) and other broad-leaved cereals. But it is worth noticing that the composition should also include 10-30% narrow-leaved cereals, otherwise lolium can form knolls. An ordinary lawn needs rear mowing (twice a month), except the periods of fast grass growing such as spring and early summer. In those periods the lawn should be mowed more often. Wild growing herbs do not seen on a first-quality lawn.

A second-quality lawn is usually located on the large areas, in towns. It is formed with the same cereals as a top-quality lawn, however, the preparation of the soil can be less proper and the maintenance can be less often. We should notice here that any classical or top-quality lawn can turn into a second-quality one due to many reasons and vice versa. You can always improve a second-quality lawn after realizing the reasons of its worsening.

A rolling lawn is not another kind of a lawn but a new way of arranging it. You can form a classical as well as a top-quality lawn by this way. The turf for such a lawn is grown at the special fields. Then the turf is cut down and rolled in. In this state, it is transported to the location and rolled out there onto the beforehand prepared and smoothed out soil. So it is possible to get a lawn with ready turf right away by this way. The rolling lawn is very handy on slopes, where it needs much time for grass to implant and on the trampled soil and on the poor polluted soil in towns. However, a rolling lawn needs also proper maintenance during first months. The quality of this lawn depends on the fact when it is cut, where and how it was stored, how well it was watered after rolling out and how well the soil was prepared for the lawn. Nowadays the firms — producers of the rolling lawns use the methods of implanting the turf on the new soil rather successfully. This way of arranging lawns may have many perspectives.

A meadow lawn is r ather popular in Russia. A meadow is a lot covered by cereals as well as not cereals, including wild growing herbs, with rather tough stems. A meadow, like any lawn, cannot bear much trampling, but unlike a lawn, it can be mowed only once a month. Moreover, a meadow does not need weeding at all. Being located at the right place a meadow lawn can look more natural and nicer than a grassy one. In this case, you should choose the seeds for the lawn more properly. For example, fast growing herbs will not do here. And you should remember that it is not worth doing to arrange a meadow lawn on the rich soil in order to prevent it from turning into a thicket of high grass looking more like a waste plot of land.

A moresque lawn looks like a meadow one. A moresque lawn is a lot sown with low narrow-leaved (angustifoliate) herbs and wild flowers. It is not so easy to arrange such a lawn. There is always the risk that it will have a wild and bad-groomed appearance. But if you have a lot with poor soil that is not suitable for growing up something else you can make a try and turn it into a blooming meadow. All that you need is to prepare the soil, choose a proper mixture of herbs and uproot perennial weeds. Though it seems quite easy to arrange the moresque lawn, you should remember that it is difficult enough to groom the lawn like that. It needs manual weeding because the herbicides can damage the main herbs. You can mow this lawn not very often but you should have special necessities. As a rule, without proper care the moresque lawn turns into an unattractive place with weeds already in a year.

T he most popular flowers and bulbous plants for the moresque lawn are the following: crocuses, violets, cornflowers, buttercups, meadow camomiles. Festuca and spear grass (agrostis) should prevail over the other herbs in mixture. As to the mixture of flower seeds it should contain not only perennials but also the most popular annuals. In the whole mass the flower seeds should make from 5% up to 10%.

I t is worth mentioning a soil-covering lawn that looks very original and unusual. It is formed not from cereals but from soil-covering plants. Being arranged properly it looks nice enough especially during the periods of blooming the plants such as camomile, thyme and veronica. But of course, there are some bad points in the lawns like those. The surface of a soil-covering lawn is not so flat as that one of the grassy lawn. And in the autumn the leaves of plants in the soil-covering lawn become brown. Arranging such lawns it is very important to uproot all the weeds because in the future using herbicides you run the risk to do harm the plants, which form the soil-covering lawn. Though it is possible to sow the lawn with camomile and thyme, you will have to plant out seedlings of the other plants for such lawns. But the strong point of the soil-covering lawn is the fact that you need not to mow it. The care just includes removing inflorescences that have stopped blooming.

A soil-covering lawn can be also formed from soil-covering shrubs such as juniper, cornel, heather and others. The choice of those plants is enormous. They can be planted in the areas where nobody walks. They can cover densely the places of the garden where the grass grows poorly or where it is difficult to mow the grass, for example under the trees or in the slopes. Only the young plants need proper care. Then being rooted they will need weeding and trimming from time to time.

I n order to increase the steadiness of the lawn to trampling you can use a lawn lattice . It is also used for strengthening slopes. A plastic lawn lattice has a green color and a lawn grass is sprouted in its cells. This lattice looks like an ordinary lawn but it is possible not only to trample the lattice but also to drive and arrange the parking on it. A concrete lawn lattice is irreplaceable on the steep slopes where there are no other methods to root the plants.

S o, you have to know the main kinds of lawns. You are welcome to come to us and we will be glad to help in choosing the more appropriate lawn for your garden. We can also renew the spoiled or neglected lawn or adjust regular care of your formed lawn in order you can get pleasure from admiring it.

Lawn care and maintenance

Planting and seeding

Early autumn, spring, and early summer are the primary seasons to seed, lay sod (turf), plant ‘liners’, or ‘sprig’ new lawns, when the soil is warmer and air cooler. Seeding is the least expensive, but may take longer for the lawn to be established. Aerating just before planting/seeding may promote deeper root growth and thicker turf.

Sodding (American English), or turfing (British English), provides an almost instant lawn, and can be undertaken in most temperate climates in any season, but is more expensive and more vulnerable to drought until established. Hydroseeding is a quick, less expensive method of planting large, sloped or hillside landscapes. Some grasses and sedges are available and planted from ‘liner’ and 4-inch (100 mm) containers, from ‘flats’, ‘plugs’ or ‘sprigs’, and are planted apart to grow together.

Fertilizers and chemicals

Various organic and inorganic or synthetic fertilizers are available, with instant or time-release applications. Pesticides, which includes biological and chemical herbicides, insecticides and fungicides are available. Consideration for their effects on the lawn and garden ecosystem and via runoff and dispersion on the surrounding environment, can constrain their use.

Sustainable gardening uses organic horticulture methods, such as organic fertilizers, biological pest control, beneficial insects, and companion planting, among other methods, to sustain an attractive lawn in a safe garden. An example of an organic herbicide is corn gluten meal, which releases an ‘organic dipeptide’ into the soil to inhibit root formation of germinating weed seeds. An example of an organic alternative to insecticide use is applying beneficial nematodes to combat soil-dwelling grubs, such as the larvae of chafer beetles. The Integrated Pest Management approach is a coordinated low impact approach.

Lawn & Garden hedge

A green grass of a lawn supplies with comfort, regulates humidity of an air and moisture of a soil, absorbs noise and dust. A lawn is an imported element of a landscape design.

Designers make different lawn according to the using and conditions:

— decorative lawn – the most beautiful lawn, but it is not hard wear against trampling;

— sport – lawn grass mixture for sports fields and areas with hard wear and traffic consist of wear tolerant and fine leaved species which gives the best carpet of strong grass when carefully established and maintained;

— sun and shade lawn grass;

— universal lawn grass;

Designers can establish for a customer ready lawn grass or lawn laying, that cultivates in the open air and then is drugged out with the layer of earth about 5 centimeters.

A lawn grass need much care of and service.

Garden Hedge looks nicely on a plot. Garden hedge provides a garden with defense from glances of foreign people, from cold wind and a favorable micro-climate appears. Garden hedge with a lawn is a perfect background for landscape plants, flower bed plants and other greenery, garden constructions, garden and water features. Garden hedge can show limits between different areas that your landscape design foresees.

There are straight, broken up, mixed, flexible by form garden hedge. There are the trimmed and grown by its nature garden hedge.

Sometimes garden hedge are used as a defense from penetration to the garden. This is the thorny garden hedge. The garden hedge outside is usually higher than that one inside because of the garden hedge inside the plot has got only decorative importance.

Before planting a garden hedge, one is to find out direction of sunlight. Whether a hedge make a deep shade for another landscape plants or not?

The growing of a garden hedge is a very hardworking process, but it is cheaper then to build a fence of wood, stone or brick. Much patience are required for growing up a garden hedge – 3 –7 years depending on the landscape plants: quickly-grown or slow-grown.

The mixed garden hedge of birches and fir-trees looks like a Russian forest. The mixed garden hedge of trees and bushes grown by nature is simple in garden service and care of, but occupies extensive area. The mixed and grown by nature garden hedge are a dwelling for birds, insects, little animals that is very important for ecology in a garden and provides your landscape design with emotions. The mixed garden hedge of high deciduous and lower evergreens (conifer) provides a garden and garden constructions with shade in summer and sunlight in winter. The garden hedge of conifers looks effectively all the year.

Landscape & Garden constructions

Garden constructions are driveway, paths, walks, walling, garden pavilion, gazebo, pergola, screened porch and arch, and at last different items of rocks in the garden.

Driveway, paths, walks — designers are carrying out paving by stone for driveway, using a sand or gravel for garden paths and walks. This garden constructions is the first step in the maintenance of a landscape design.

Walling – whether it to be for privacy, shelter, to create a barrier or simply to frame an area, walls can play an important part in landscape design. This garden construction is built not often.

Pavilion, gazebo – is a not big building for the rest near a reservoir in a garden with excellent panorama of a landscape design. As a rule pavilions have dot a simple garden construction. This garden construction is to be carried out according to the project . In the project of a garden construction of the pavilion is to have got some decorative elements. Lianas planted near a pavilion attach a particular romance to this garden construction.

Pergola – here we use the term “pergola” to mean any kind of garden constructions formed from rows of upright wooden pillars supporting horizontal beam such as covered walkways. Pergola is an attractive element of landscape design.

Arch and porch – a decorative screened arch or porch covered with climbing roses and honeysuckle vines attract beetles and butterflies. In landscape design one can use arch and porch of different materials: wood, stone, metal. Pergola, a decorative screened porch covered with climbing roses and honeysuckle vines attract butterflies.

Paths, walks & driveways

What’s more appealing than a winding path that draws your family and friends further into your world? Paths and Walkways, as design elements, direct traffic expressively. Who you are, your home and your family are at the essence of the path you create with your Selfscapes designer.

Having a path or walkway can lead to any part of a homeowners yard. Whether it be a firepit, pond, waterfall or garden; all of which can be created with Selfscape designers. Selfscape can create a design for any family.

Create a path in the garden is hard work, but certainly within the reach of the lovers of DIY.As soon as it rains, the paths and the paths of the garden covered with gravel, sand or grass easily become muddy and not very viable. One way to avoid this is to create a path paved with stones (natural or artificial) which not only enable us to walk in a more clean and safe but also, if made ​​with expertise, to enhance the environment of the garden itself .

Of course, you can also find slabs of agglomerated material at a good price, we invite you to visit the special page dedicated to materials for external paving . In this article we will try to adopt the most economical solution in absolute but not without aesthetic value if done properly. In commerce there are molds made ​​of plastic material which present the joints that allow to realize different shapes by pouring into a casting of concrete.

If you want to save even more money you can make yourself formwork with strips of wood and a few nails, nothing could be simpler.

You have to first lubricate the molds with oil serving us of an old rag, this will ensure that the concrete can transform themselves without difficulty once dry, when we’re going to remove the mold.

As I said, thanks to the cuts applied on the strips can be made ​​different ways, once we have decided what form do not realize we have to pour the concrete but not before they had made ​​an indentation in the ground where we want to slide the driveway. Normally slabs of flooring are flush with the ground, and to do this, it is necessary to dig the ground to a depth equal to twice the thickness of the sheets themselves.

Part of the excavated material should be kept to put it back inside the joints between the slabs which can be more or less broad, depending on your taste, and where you can then sow the grass. Inside the excavation should be settled out of the sand to a thickness equal to that of the plates and smoothed with a trowel to make it suitable to the laying of the plates themselves and also acting as the background absorption of rainwater.

We realize, therefore, the plates throwing the concrete, prepared as described in this article. Compress well the concrete with the trowel, especially in the corners, in such a way that there are no voids. Always with the trowel lisciamo well the surface of the slab, possibly by spraying a little water to facilitate the work.

The sheets can be made directly on the driveway or elsewhere and then transported to the site of the excavation. The slabs of concrete can be deformed after just over an hour hitting leggeremente the mold with a hammer. Do not walk on the sheet before 4 or 5 days and if the driveway will be necessary to reinforce the network with plates of iron during the pouring of the concrete.

Winter garden

The origin of the winter garden dates back to the 17 th to 19 th centuries where European nobility would construct large conservatories that would house tropical and subtropical plants and would act as an extension of their living space. Many of these would be attached to their main palaces. Earlier versions would be constructed of masonry with large windows and a glass roof, usually in the Classical or Gothic styles.

While in the 19 th century many of these conservatories were made out of iron and curvilinear glass. Winter gardens were not just restricted to private residence, many were built for the greater public. The first large public winter garden was built in 1842-46 in Regent’s Park in London and was used for evening occasions, large flower shows and social gatherings. Other winter gardens, such as The Crystal Palace by Sir Joseph Paxton in 1851, were soon built and used for a variety of purposes.

The modern winter garden is usually a garden planted either to produce food, or at least to remain visibly planted and slowly develop, throughout the winter, or else a garden whose plants will serve as living decoration all winter. One basic premise, in temperate or colder regions, to the winter garden is that the plants may indeed become dormant when snow covers the ground, but will grow each time the sun heats at least part of the plant to above freezing (snow or not), especially in regions where snow cover and below-freezing temperatures are not constant for months at a time.

A greenhouse is a nurturing environment for plants that is set apart from the rest of the world. It is a space where in various conditions like heat, light and moisture can be controlled to a greater degree than is possible in any outdoor setting. Surely this degree of control has been a crucial factor in the increasing popularity of greenhouses. They can also be appealing structures in their own right, contributing to the beauty and harmony of our backyard environments.

How a garden greenhouse works

Many people that are new to growing plants don’t fully understand how a garden greenhouse works. What happens is during the day the sun emits rays of short wave infrared light. The short wave infrared light is able to pass through glass. After hitting a surface the waves turn into thermal energy. This energy is a long wave infrared light that can’t escape. The final touch to the garden greenhouse is the garden greenhouse gases. These gases simply act as a blanket for the garden greenhouse.

What to use your greenhouse nursery f or

Many people build a greenhouse nursery just for their love of gardening. They are able to enjoy flowers and plants all year round. The greenhouse nursery is a great place to grow fresh herbs and vegetables for canning and cooking all year, even in the colder months.

Your greenhouse nursery can bring you tons of joy and keep you busy with your favourite hobby even when there is frost on the ground. You can construct the greenhouse nursery with a simple knowledge of tools and construction. You will be given a full guide on step by step instruction to creating your beautiful greenhouse nursery.

Benefits of a backyard greenhouse

A backyard greenhouse will trap the sun’s rays and create a warm humid atmosphere. They can help you grow plants that may otherwise be difficult to grow in your area’s climate.

Landscape design on the plot

Landscape design is a result of human’s activity on a plot of land for creating beautiful views.

Landscape design is a method of providing inside territories with artistic value.

Landscape design has some styles.

Landscape style is a style of landscape design based on natural views without geometric figures, with flexible forms of garden constructions: paths and walks, walling, pavilion, pergola, arch, — with flexible forms of garden water features: garden reservoirs, ponds, — with flexible forms of groups of landscape plants: trees, bushes, flowers in flower bed.

Designers use a landscape plants from a nursery that makes the process of greenery very quick and simple. These elements are well based on the background of garden hedge and lawn.

Elements of landscape design:

— stony slope with garden pond or reservoir;

— area for the rest with garden pavilion or other constructions between trees;

— wall of stone with flowers or other rocks in a garden;

— garden water features: spring, stream and pond or reservoir with garden rocks on the banks and bushes, flowers between them.

Landscape project is an artistic passport of a plot. There are usually some zones in the landscape design of the garden without clear limits, which are in regard with illumination of sunlight.

It’s important to project out beautiful views and isolate poor details, to take into account the wishes of the plot’s owner and opportunity of maintenance of the landscape project. One can have got not many landscape plants: trees, bushes, flowers or elements of landscape design in the garden: flower-bed, pavilion, garden reservoir or pond, garden rocks but everything is to be in harmony with each other.

We work as with the empty territories which have been taken away under a landscape, and with old gardens, with forest plots. Usually, landscape design of forest plots does not suffice an ornament, beauty, bright colors. The eye of the person has a rest, but it is few emotions loading from this landscape. The decollate, densely overgrown park or forest has be cleared of low-value underbrush and defunct trees. It considerably improves the isolation of laid out a lawn. Landscape design is altered only on areas free from trees. On a solar glade it is possible to arrange a flower bed, under trees to plant the long-term flowers well growing in a shade, some bulbous, low bushes. Flowers and bushes are necessary for distributing on flowering time. And all season different plants will serially blossom, and landscape design of the plot will be attractive.

Master plan drawings

All beautiful landscapes begin with a plan. But not all plans produce beautiful landscapes. So the question is: What differentiates good landscaping plans from bad ones? Good plans incorporate the fundamental principles of art and landscape design. They also follow a step-by-step design process that requires a great deal of input from the clients and therefore ensures that the finished design meets their expectations and fulfills their needs/desires.

Interview and s ite analysis — Your designer will walk through your property with you to identify and document any likes or dislikes you may have about the site in its current state and get a general idea of what you want to accomplish. He/she will present various options and try to determine what style of landscape design suits your tastes. During this meeting, you also will be asked for the completed questionnaire which was sent to you in advance of the meeting. The information in the questionnaire gives us detailed input about your needs and desires regarding the landscape. The designer will then take measurements and photographs of the site, record information about the layout of the property, changes in the terrain, drainage conditions, etc. Using this information, a conceptual plan will be drafted.

Conceptual plan — The designer will next meet with you to review the conceptual plan. It will provide an overview of the project and will give details about such things as the location and general content of planting beds, the placement and nature of hardscape and/or water features, and the creation or remaking of functional areas within the landscape. During this meeting, you should check the conceptual plan against the questionnaire that you completed during the site analysis to determine if all of your needs and desires are being addressed.

Master plan — Upon approval of the conceptual plan, the designer will then prepare a scaled master plan which will not only show the layout of planting beds and other features within the landscape, but also give a comprehensive listing of plants in the design, and provide specifications on hardscape features. In some cases, you may be provided with image designs of your landscape showing before and after photos of how the new landscaping will look, in addition to being provided with a two-dimensional master plan. In other cases, the design might also be detailed in 3D designs.

A cohesive design — It’s a fact that every beautiful landscape begins with a plan. If you try to construct a landscape without having an overall design, you’ll end up with a piecemeal look. Our designers are trained in the principles of landscape design and experienced in the application of them. We know plants, we know construction techniques, and we know how to put the two together to create beautiful, functional, long-lasting, and low-maintenance landscapes that are tailored to meet the needs and desires of our clients.

An informative design — What good is nice landscaping if you don’t know how to maintain it? At Botanica Atlanta, we don’t just give you a drawing and a list of plants. We give you detailed information about each plant in the design and a comprehensive maintenance schedule so that you or your landscaping crew can keep your property looking good as the plants mature.

A fulfilled design — The best designs are no good if they are not properly implemented. Our crews have the experience to expertly do all of the work in your landscaping installation project from start to finish, including planting, irrigation, hardscaping, lighting, and more.

Раздел II . Ландшафтные растительность

T rees and bushes are the main elements of landscaping any personal plot no matter whatever size it has. Any picture will look only better being decorated with a good frame. And that is the case in the decorative picture of nature. Trees and bushes are the frame against which background the landscaper creates his artistic sketch. Grouping the plants in different combinations, the designer can produce unusual and wonderful pictures, which will give true aesthetic pleasure those who watch all this.

W hen choosing trees and bushes we should take into account climatic conditions, principles of location and decorative features of plants. Many factors influence the growth and development of decorative plants and their usage in the «green building». But the most important ecological factors are the temperature of the air and the soil, food and water regime, lighting and the composition of the air. Being the product of the definite environment, the plants in their turn influence it greatly. Some important factors of environment may be regulated and corrected by conducting appropriate agrotechnical measures.

T he loamy and sandy-loam soils are considered the best in gardening. They have a good structure and enough reserve of the nutrient matters. When choosing trees and bushes for your garden try to take into account not only the purpose of the territory being planted but also the requirements of the plants to the growth conditions. You should have clear view of the planting material you are dealing with. For example you’d better plant the more valuable and nicely blossoming samples somewhere near the house. At the same time, the more hardy local plants will do better in the open areas exposed to strong cold winds .

P lanting trees and bushes around the buildings on the territory is carried out according to the definite plan. It is usually done solitarily or by groups of different sizes. They can be dense or loose in structure, harmonious or contrasting in forms and colours. You should be well aware about the appearance of your trees and bushes in the grown-up state as far back as on the stage of landscape projecting. It will allow you to define right intervals between plants and will lead to the demonstration of the highest decorativeness. In negligible planting, the light-requiring samples often drop out and the trees become thin and bare from below.

T he trees and bushes that are growing easily usually have very scenic look. In the greening territory, the crowns of the plants create interesting typical forms and the moments of picturesqueness with special vivid effect.

T he density of the crown also gives specific vividness to the green plants. The trees with powerful crowns — oak, chestnut, ash, elm and white poplar — have rather dense crowns. The plants with thin branches — birch, willow and rowan — have delicate crowns. The leaf-bearing trees have oval, round, conical, columned, spherical, original picturesque and weeping forms of the crown.

T he plants with the conical form of the crown usually used for creating the contrasts and upsetting the monotony of the horizontal lines.

T he trees with weeping crown have graceful thin branches falling down like a cascade. Those plants look especially nicely on the banks of reservoirs. Many leaf-bearing samples have weeping crown form. The decorative forms of birch, European beech, elm, yellow acacia, rowan and mulberry have this distinctive feature.

T he oval and spherical forms are characterized by perfectly right round, oval and ovoid crown outlines. The most beautiful samples among leaf-bearing trees with spherical crown form are sharp-leaved maple, horse chestnut and white acacia.

T he pillow-shaped and outstretched forms can be regarded as dwarf samples. They grow in width mostly and hardly give any increase in height. As an example, we can call red elder and box-tree.

B ut the whole look of the decorative plants depends not only on the form of crown but also on the attire, which leaves fruits and flowers create.

T he plant colouring gives the specific look to the garden area and effective vividness to any planting. In order to use this feature of colouring properly you should know peculiarities of various plants’ coloration and features of different colours in all details.

T he yellow colour is one of the brightest ones and it is closer to the white color than other ones. It is well stood out against any background especially a dark one. The spatial distance does not influence it a lot. The decorative plants with yellow leaves and flowers look as though they shone or sparkled in the darkness. Though they lose that feature when the sun is shining. When there are plants with yellow colour in the decorative colouring composition it excites warmth and cheerfulness, helps the decorative group with such colour come out ahead optically and be light dominant spot in the whole composition.

T he red colours are the most distinguished in any composition of green planting. They possess the strongest tone influence. These colours always stand out against any composition of colours no matter what color and how many colours that composition has. Using the red colour will give the scenery effectiveness and vividness but you should use that colour carefully because underlined predominance of the red in the colouring composition may influence ungracefully and repulsively.

T he violet colour relates to the cold colours. The plants with prevailing violet colour are found rather rarely. The violet colour goes well enough with yellow, orange and green colours.

T he plants with white colour have neutral influence. This colour harmonizes with any colour and especially with cold colours as though refreshing them. Presence of the white in the composition intensifies the other colours. One more feature of the plants with white color is their ability to create the effect of the light spot in the darkness. This feature may be used when you wish to create special night effects in the green planting.

T he green colour is the main shade of the garden area. It is the color of the lawns, trees and bushes. The green is the main colour of nature and plays a great role in creating any colouring composition. Among all colours in nature, the green has the most number of nuances.

T he flowers and fruits of decorative plants having been painted in different bright colours play a crucial role in the colouring dynamic of green planting. For the plants that are blossoming in spring the most typical flowering takes place before leaf blooming.

T he best seasons for planting trees and bushes are spring and autumn. The period of spring planting begins right after the soil thawed out and stops at the beginning of leaf blooming, in autumn — at the beginning of leaf fall. Most trees and bushes are planted with open root system into beforehand prepared holes. The plants with closed root system (with soil clod in tough or soft containers) can be planted in any season but they require proper care.

Y ou should be careful about the roots before planting in order they do not get dry. So do not stay the plants bared in the sun, in the wind or in the frost. But if it happened then put them into the water for nearly 24 hours. The trees and bushes are usually planted as deep into the ground as they grew in the nursery. Before planting, you’d better remove injured roots.

W hen planting the hole should be filled with fertile soil mixed with peat, humus or compost. It is better not to fertilize planted trees until they settle in the environment. But what you should really do is to water them richly and to realize the regular soil loosening trying to retain moisture. Some trees and bushes should be tied to the peg. If necessary you can conduct plant cutting which is usually done before planting or right away after it. The sprouts are shortened by one-third of the whole length.

T he appearance of trees and bushes depends greatly on the after-planting care for them during many years. The care means watering, fertilizing, removing finished blossoming flowers and inflorescences and maintaining the crown in a good state what can be done by cutting and thinning out.

W hen visiting shops, gardening centers and nurseries you usually come around large variety of plants. Their assortment is huge but the nicer the plants the more difficult to decide what will be more suitable for your garden. So before you make a choice try to find out enough true information about the trees and bushes.

Classifying flowering plants

You should be familiar with the plants you intend to plant. Your knowledge in classifying and naming plants would give you the right choice to select which one is suited to your place, soil, temperature, and other requirements your plants needs in their growing period.

Different flower plants varies in their growth patterns. This is critical in your decision making before you endeavor in flower gardening.

Therefore, don’t be in a haste to enter into flowering gardening unless you’re sure you have already the knowledge to enter into.

Classification of flowers based on their growth cycle.

Flowers in this classification lives only in one growing season, completing its life cycle (seed, flowering, fruiting, and death) in that period.

This group includes many weeds, vegetables, and wild flowers.

The duration of a cycle is varied, it may be a few weeks to several months, depending on the species. These flowers are produced for use in the landscape including some vegetables.

Some popular flowers includes, Geranium ( Geranium spp.) , Zinnia ( Zinnia elegans), Marigold ( Tagetes spp.), and Pansy ( Viola tricolor).

This class of plants is again divided by the cultivator into two classes, — the Hardy, and the Half-hardy or tender kinds.

Hardy Annuals are those which require no artificial heat at any period of their growth, every stage of their development, from germination to ripening of the seed, being-passed in the open ground.

They are the most easily cultivated of all plants; the number of their varieties is large, and their flowers, when properly grown, are frequently of most attractive beauty and elegance. It is only to be regretted that they are not generally cultivated to that extent to which their merit justly entitles them. The seed may be sown from, the first of April to the middle of June, along the border, in little patches four or six inches square, or in drills, on the spot where they are wanted to blossom; and in doing so, care should be taken to have the different varieties arranged in such a manner as to produce a pleasing effect when they are in bloom.

Half-hardy Annuals are those species that flower and ripen their seeds in the open air, but need the assistance of artificial heat in the earlier stages of their growth. They should be sown in a hot-bed, or in pots in a green-house, if one is available, or in a sunny window. Keep them well shaded, which will prevent absorption by the rays of the sun, and the consequent necessity of frequent watering, which bakes the soil, and does much mischief to seeds of slow growth. Toward the middle or end of May, many of the seedlings will be ready for transplanting to borders; but previous to this exposure, it will be necessary to harden them, preparatory to removal, by gradually admitting air to the frame both day and night.

This plant completes its life cycle in two growing seasons. The first season, it produces only the basal leaves, grows its stem, produces flowers and fruits, and dies in the second season.

The plant usually requires some special environmental condition or treatment such as exposure to a cold temperature ( Vernalization ) to be induced to reproductive phase.

Although annuals and biennials rarely become woody in temperate regions, these plants may sometimes produce secondary growth in their stems and roots.

They are herbaceous or woody and grows year-round through the adverse weather condition of their non-growing periods (winter, summer, winter, and fall) and then flower and fruit a variable number of years of vegetative growth beyond the second year.

Perennials survive the unfavorable season as dormant underground structures (e.g. roots, rhizomes, bulbs, and tubers).

Examples are bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon), daylilies ( Lilium spp. ), and Irises ( Iris spp.).

Identifying two main groups of perennials

1. Herbaceous Perennials

Herbaceous perennials are those with more or less soft, succulent stems.

In temperate climates the tops die after a season of vegetative growth, sometimes dying down because of drought, sometimes killed by frost or freezing, sometimes dying simply after effect of flowering, fruiting, and producing seeds.

Their crowns, however, and often their roots, remain alive and produce new stems and tops another season upon the appearance of conditions favorable for growth. In other words, their tops are annual, though their below — ground parts are perennials.

Examples of this group are; Asparagus, rhubarb, Oriental puppy ( Papaver orientale ), bleeding heart ( Dicentra spectabilis ), and many varieties of Phlox.

In tropic and subtropics climate the tops of herbaceous perennials may likewise die down, due to natural causes leading to a period of rest following flowering and seeding, or they may remain alive for long periods.

Most of the so-called «bulbous plants», using the term in its broad sense, are to be classed as herbaceous perennials.

2. Woody Perennials

Though the stems of many herbaceous perennials and likewise of many annuals and biennials, become somewhat woody and those of many woody perennials are rather soft, there is seldom any great difficulty in distinguishing between them. The difference, however, is in hardness, in toughness of the woody fiber, rather than in the size or age that the plant attain.

In the case of trees, shrubs, or vines that survive for a number of years there is never a question as to how they should be classified.

Some plants, however, growing as woody perennials in their growing habitat, take on the characteristics of herbaceous perennials when grown where their tops freeze to the ground in the winter but where the temperature is not enough to destroy their roots.

Plant growth forms

One way in classifying plants is its stands in relation to the ground. Some of the types of growth forms of flowering plants are as follows:

An erect stem has no support, it stands upright at 90-degree angle to the ground level. These plants have strong stems and stiff branches which can withstand strong wind and other adverse condition.

Plants under this form are extremely inclined, with the tips raised.

3. Creeping or repent

These plants crawls on the ground, produces adventitious roots at specific points on the stem. Stems that grow horizontally in this fashion are called stolons.

These are vines that needs support to stand its own. If there is no support their tendency is to creep on the ground. There are three general modes of climbing; Twiners, are climbing plants that simply wrap their stingy stems around a support, another modes is the climber which develops its cylindrical structures called tendrils that are used to coil around the support on physical contact, and the other mode of climbing is by adventitious roots formed on aerial parts of the plants.

Other o perational plant classifications

Flowering plants may be used in a variety of other ways, both indoors and outdoors. They are classified according to the following uses:

1. Bedding plants

These are annual plants raised for planting outdoors in flower beds. Started from seed indoors in the off-season and transplanted later in the growing season.

Examples includes Petunia ( Petunia spp.), Zinnia ( Zinnia elegans ), Pansy ( Viola tricolor ), and Marigold ( Tagetes spp. ).

2. Hanging plants

These are hanging basket plants either annual or perennial, flowering or foliage, raised in decorative containers and hung by equally elegant ropes from the ceiling in the patio, in the doorway area, or from decorative plant poles.

Examples are Geranium ( Geranium spp. ), and Spider plant ( Chlorophytum comosum ).

These plants are adapted to indoor conditions. They are grown in containers, usually slow growing, and may be flowering or foliage plants.

Examples are Sansevieria ( Sansevieria spp. ) Indian Rubber plant ( Ficus elastica ), Philodendron ( Philodendron spp.), Medicine plant (Aloe vera), and Pothos ( Scindapus aureus ).

How to create tree flower beds

When you are planting a garden around your tree, protect your tree by following some simple guidelines about applying topsoil and avoiding the tree roots when planting. Then select plants that are compatible with your geographical region and the specific shade requirements of your garden plot. Lastly, learn how to plant your bed and maintain the plants with regular watering and care.

Method 1 of 3: Protecting y our tree

Leave the base around the trunk of the tree free of any soil or mulch. Do your planting starting at least 12 inches from the tree’s trunk, and go out from there. Make sure that where the trunk becomes wider and the roots are exposed that the bark remains uncovered. Do not create a raised flower bed around the tree base. The bark on the exposed roots of a tree needs oxygen, and if the roots are covered they will rot over time.

Trim the low branches of your tree. You want to allow as much light as you can to reach the flowers and plants below your tree. So get out a pair of trimming shears and trim any low, thin branches. Remember, however, that living branches should be on at least ⅔ of the plant’s height, so never trim more than ⅓ of the living branches of your tree.

You can get pruning shears at a hardware store.

Only remove branches that are less than 5 cm in diameter.

Trim thin V-shaped branches. Avoid trimming healthy U-shaped branches.

Find a bud on the branch outside of the collar of the branch. The collar is where the branch meets the base of the tree and it is slightly swollen out. Cut at a slight angle of about an ¼ inch above the bud.

Try not to damage the trunk or roots when planting. Do not use your tools or shovel to move or cut any of the major roots of the tree. If you find a root that is bigger than 1 and ½ to 2 inches in diameter, move your hole a couple inches away to prevent cutting at the root accidentally. If you are planting between two major roots, make a hole just big enough to plant the plant or flower in. If you find roots while you are digging the bed, do not plant there, fill the soil back in, and find a new spot to plant.

Use a hand shovel instead of a larger shovel to avoid damaging the roots of your tree.

If you cut into mats of smaller tree roots while you are digging don’t worry — they will regrow without much trouble.

If you cut into the tree you make it more susceptible to disease and insect problems.

Know what kind of tree you are planting under. Depending on the kind of tree you are planting under, you should be more careful about how many plants you plant. You may want to plant under a tree that is better suited for gardening at its base. If you do have a tree that is more sensitive, consider starting small and choose a few small plants rather than creating a dense garden at the base of the tree. If you have a tree that is sensitive, create a plan for your garden that will span a few years, so your tree can gradually acclimate to the new planting.

Be cautious when planting under these trees because they are sensitive about having their roots disturbed:

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